Every industry has jargon an outsider wouldn't understand, and probably doesn't need to know. But real estate is a field where almost every "outsider" needs a bit of insider knowledge in order to successfully buy, sell, or rent a place to live a few times in their lives.

For instance, you could go your entire life without hearing the term "comp" once, but the minute you decide to buy or sell a house you'll hear agents say it like it's a word you probably already know. It's not nuclear physics, so you can probably figure out what they're talking about, especially in the context they're bringing it up. But just in case you've never heard the term before, "comp" is short for "comparable."

Okay, but what exactly is a comparable?

Comparables are houses that are currently on the market, under contract, or (most importantly) recently sold. They're used to compare against a house you're planning to buy or sell, in order to establish approximately how much it should sell for in the current market. This helps you price it accurately as a seller, and know how much to offer as a buyer.

What makes a good comparable?

Comparables should be chosen in as objective a manner as possible, not to simply justify what you want to hear or think. Just because you want your house to be worth more than the data shows, doesn't mean you can point to a house that sold for more and say it's a true comp. Nor can you use a lower priced home as a comp to justify a low-ball offer, if it isn't truly a good comparable for a house you're trying to buy.

At times it can be pretty difficult for an agent or an appraiser to find many (or even enough) homes that are truly similar to the house you're selling or buying, within a recent time frame. But ideally they are looking for houses that have:

• Similar square footage.
• Similar lot size.
• Similar number of beds, baths, and other rooms.
• Similar condition. (Like how updated or clean it is.)
• Proximity to the subject property. (Ideally it should be fairly close by.)
• Similar neighborhood or area.
• Sold and closed recently. (Within three months is ideal.)

In a perfect world, they'd be able to find three similar homes that are currently on the market, three that are currently under contract, and three that have closed within the past three months, and use all of them in combination to determine how much you should list a house for as a seller, or offer for a house as a buyer.

The problem with comps in the current "shifting" market

Almost everyone in the industry, government, and media seems to agree that the market is "shifting" right now. But it's difficult to pinpoint what that means exactly, and opinions vary from one person to the next. Considering prices were skyrocketing and at all-time highs in the past few years, you'd think that meant prices are now coming down. What else could shifting mean?!

Well, it doesn't necessarily mean that prices are going down in your area or price range. It also doesn't seem to be translating into a buyers' market everywhere either.

Data and news reports indicate that there are fewer houses selling, and it's taking longer for them to sell in some areas than it has been in the past few years. But in many areas prices don't seem to be plummeting, or even falling. In some areas prices are stable or even increasing.

The shift is affecting the market differently from one area to another, and one price range to another, so you can't go by nationally based data and reports. You need to rely on good local comps to determine the value of a house you're selling or buying.

But here are a few problems with comps in the current market that you need to be aware of:

• There often aren't enough of them. Inventory has been low, and continues to be low, so it can be tough to find 3 houses in each category of a proper analysis. Beyond that, it's tough to find enough that are similar enough to a subject property.
• Might need to look back further than 3 months. It's never ideal to look back beyond three months, but due to the low number of listings and sales, it's often necessary to do so. Unfortunately, a house that closed within the past three months is often just a sign of what the market was like as much as 5 or 6 months ago, because houses take a month or two to close after being listed even if they go under contract right away. So that data is more proof of what the market was like before or early on in the shift.
• Won't see "proof" of values shifting for months. To truly know if prices are going down, it may take a few months of purchases to tell the true tale.

So right now, sellers are often hanging onto "proof" that their house is worth a certain amount based upon sales prices that occurred when prices were at all-time highs. On the other hand, buyers often feel like prices should be coming down, based upon news of the market shifting, and the fact that interest rates going up have affected their buying power, but they don't necessarily have "proof" to justify lower offers.

In the meantime, while the data catches up with the shift, your best bet is to rely on your agent's experience and observations in the current market. What have they been seeing happen in your local area and price range? There may not be hard data to pull up yet, but a local agent is a good barometer for what buyers have been offering, how much sellers have been accepting, and how supply and demand has affected those two things in your area.

While comps are useful in determining values and how much to offer or accept for a house, when the market's shifting you need to rely on your agent's ability to gauge where the market is currently going before the proof actually appears in the form of comps.

The Takeaway:

"Comps" are short for the real estate term "comparables," which are basically houses that are similar in size, location, and condition to a house you are selling or buying.

In a shifting market like we're currently experiencing, it can be difficult to find enough comps, or get a true feel for where the market is going, because it takes time for houses to actually close. So the data can lag a bit.

Your best bet right now is to use comps as a basis, but also rely heavily on your agent's experience and observations of what is actually happening in your area and price range currently.